Algorithmic Diplomacy: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Inter-State Behavioural Norms

Diplomacy is no longer just about handshakes, embassies, and closed-door negotiations. Today, it uses data, algorithms, and artificial intelligence to be more efficient. As technology reshapes how influence is being projected, diplomacy is moving from traditional embassies to digital platforms and global networks. This article showcases how it has evolved from the traditional Westphalian model into contemporary digital diplomacy, using China and Uzbekistan to illustrate different approaches. While China uses AI as a strategic foreign-policy tool to shape global norms and project technological power, Uzbekistan leverages digital diplomacy as a tool for reform, transparency, and economic engagement. These examples highlight the increasing significance of technology in influencing the future of Asia and beyond while showcasing the variety of strategies that states can employ to adapt diplomacy to the digital era. Together, they demonstrate how diplomacy is now written in code rather than just treaties in the digital age.